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Thulium, 69Tm
File:Thulium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg
Thulium
Pronunciation/ˈθjuːliəm/ ​(THEW-lee-əm)
Appearancesilvery gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tm)
Thulium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
–
↑
Tm
↓
Md
erbium ← thulium → ytterbium
Atomic number (Z)69
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1818 K ​(1545 °C, ​2813 °F)
Boiling point2223 K ​(1950 °C, ​3542 °F)
Density (at 20° C)9.320 g/cm3 [3]
when liquid (at m.p.)8.56 g/cm3
Heat of fusion16.84 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization191 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity27.03 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1117 1235 1381 1570 (1821) (2217)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +3
0,[4] +1,[5] +2[6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.25
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 596.7 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1160 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2285 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius190±10 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of thulium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constantsa = 353.77 pm
c = 555.39 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansionpoly: 13.3 µm/(m⋅K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity16.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivitypoly: 676 nΩ⋅m (at r.t.)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic (at 300 K)
Molar magnetic susceptibility+25500×10−6 cm3/mol (291 K)[7]
Young's modulus74.0 GPa
Shear modulus30.5 GPa
Bulk modulus44.5 GPa
Poisson ratio0.213
Vickers hardness470–650 MPa
Brinell hardness470–900 MPa
CAS Number7440-30-4
History
Namingafter Thule, a mythical region in Scandinavia
DiscoveryPer Teodor Cleve (1879)
First isolationWilhelm Klemm and Heinrich Bommer (1936)
Isotopes of thulium
Main isotopes[8] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
167Tm synth 9.25 d ε 167Er
168Tm synth 93.1 d β+ 168Er
169Tm 100% stable
170Tm synth 128.6 d β− 170Yb
171Tm synth 1.92 y β− 171Yb
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Thulium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Tm}
Main isotopes of thulium
Main isotopes[8] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
167Tm synth 9.25 d ε 167Er
168Tm synth 93.1 d β+ 168Er
169Tm 100% stable
170Tm synth 128.6 d β− 170Yb
171Tm synth 1.92 y β− 171Yb
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8− clusters; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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