Template:Infobox carbon

Carbon, ₆C

File:Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropes	graphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance	graphite: black, metallic-looking diamond: clear
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
	[12.0096, 12.0116] 12.011±0.002 (abridged)
Carbon in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ C ↓ Si boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Atomic number (Z)	6
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.266 g/cm3 diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, ​10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol (more)
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	graphite: ​simple hexagonal (hP4)
Lattice constants	Simple hexagonal crystal structure for graphite: carbon a = 246.14 pm c = 670.94 pm (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	diamond: ​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	Diamond cubic crystal structure for diamond: carbon a = 356.707 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10
CAS Number	atomic carbon: 7440-44-0 graphite: 7782-42-5 diamond: 7782-40-3
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Isotopes of carbon
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 11C synth 20.34 min β+ 11B 12C 98.9% stable 13C 1.06% stable 14C 1 ppt (1⁄1012) 5.70×103 y β− 14N

C · Carbon
B ← ibox B	iso 6 C  [] IB-C [] IBisos []	→ N ibox N
File:Symbol category class.svg cat:C (0) File:Symbol category class.svg cat:C-isotopes (0) File:Commons-logo.svg Commons File:Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata:Q623 File:Wiktionary-logo.svg Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page)

child table, as reused in {IB-C}
Main isotopes of carbon
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 11C synth 20.34 min β+ 11B 12C 98.9% stable 13C 1.06% stable 14C 1 ppt (1⁄1012) 5.70×103 y β− 14N

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)	caption: alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table: )

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

• <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
• <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
• <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
• <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database