Jump to content

Template:Infobox germanium

From The Democratika Wiki
Germanium, 32Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pronunciation/dʒɜːrˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearancegrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
Germanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Si
↑
Ge
↓
Sn
gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Atomic number (Z)32
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (at 20° C)5.327 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −4, +2, +4
−3,[4] −2,[4] −1,[4] 0,[5] +1,[6] +3[6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constanta = 565.774 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion5.79×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−76.84×10−6 cm3/mol[8]
Young's modulus103 GPa[9]
Shear modulus41 GPa[9]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[9]
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.26[9]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Namingafter Germany, homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1869)
DiscoveryClemens Winkler (1886)
Isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
68Ge synth 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 20.5% stable
71Ge synth 11.468 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.4% stable
73Ge 7.76% stable
74Ge 36.5% stable
76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Germanium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Ge}
Main isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
68Ge synth 270.8 d ε 68Ga
70Ge 20.5% stable
71Ge synth 11.468 d ε 71Ga
72Ge 27.4% stable
73Ge 7.76% stable
74Ge 36.5% stable
76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ge(−1), Ge(−2), Ge(−3), and Ge(–4) have been observed in germanides; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 230: too many expensive function calls.

Retrieved from "https://the-democratika.com/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_germanium&oldid=4250"