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Template:Infobox hafnium

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Hafnium, 72Hf
File:Hf-crystal bar.jpg
Hafnium
Pronunciation/ˈhæfniəm/ ​(HAF-nee-əm)
Appearancesteel gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Hf)
Hafnium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Zr
↑
Hf
↓
Rf
lutetium ← hafnium → tantalum
Atomic number (Z)72
Groupgroup 4
Periodperiod 6
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point2506 K ​(2233 °C, ​4051 °F)
Boiling point4876 K ​(4603 °C, ​8317 °F)
Density (at 20° C)13.281 g/cm3 [3]
when liquid (at m.p.)12 g/cm3
Heat of fusion27.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization648 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.73 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +4
−2,[4] 0,[5] +1,[6] +2,[7] +3[7]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 658.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1440 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2250 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 159 pm
Covalent radius175±10 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of hafnium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constantsa = 319.42 pm
c = 505.12 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion5.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity23.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity331 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[8]
Molar magnetic susceptibility+75.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)[9]
Young's modulus78 GPa
Shear modulus30 GPa
Bulk modulus110 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod3010 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.37
Mohs hardness5.5
Vickers hardness1520–2060 MPa
Brinell hardness1450–2100 MPa
CAS Number7440-58-6
History
Namingafter Hafnia. Latin for: Copenhagen, where it was discovered
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1869)
Discovery and first isolationDirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
Isotopes of hafnium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
172Hf synth 1.87 y ε 172Lu
174Hf 0.16% 3.8×1016 y[11] α 170Yb
176Hf 5.26% stable
177Hf 18.6% stable
178Hf 27.3% stable
178m2Hf synth 31 y IT 178Hf
179Hf 13.6% stable
180Hf 35.1% stable
182Hf synth 8.9×106 y β− 182Ta
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Hafnium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Hf}
Main isotopes of hafnium
Main isotopes[10] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
172Hf synth 1.87 y ε 172Lu
174Hf 0.16% 3.8×1016 y[11] α 170Yb
176Hf 5.26% stable
177Hf 18.6% stable
178Hf 27.3% stable
178m2Hf synth 31 y IT 178Hf
179Hf 13.6% stable
180Hf 35.1% stable
182Hf synth 8.9×106 y β− 182Ta
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Hf(–2) occurs in Hf(CO)62−; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ Hf(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Hf and [(η5-C5R5Hf(CO)4]−, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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