Template:Infobox silicon

Silicon, ₁₄Si

File:SiliconCroda.jpg
Silicon
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪlɪkən/ (SIL-ə-kən) /ˈsɪləkɒn/ (SIL-ə-kon)
Allotropes	see Allotropes of silicon
Appearance	crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Si)
	[28.084, 28.086] 28.085±0.001 (abridged)
Silicon in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson C ↑ Si ↓ Ge aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus
Atomic number (Z)	14
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1687 K ​(1414 °C, ​2577 °F)
Boiling point	3538 K ​(3265 °C, ​5909 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	2.329085 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −4, +4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	1st: 786.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of silicon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	Diamond cubic crystal structure for silicon a = 543.0986 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.556×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	149 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	2.3×103 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−3.9×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	130–188 GPa
Shear modulus	51–80 GPa
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.064–0.28
Mohs hardness	6.5
CAS Number	7440-21-3
History
Naming	after Latin silex or silicis, meaning 'flint'
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Isotopes of silicon
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 28Si 92.2% stable 29Si 4.7% stable 30Si 3.1% stable 31Si trace 2.62 h β− 31P 32Si trace 153 y β− 32P

Si · Silicon
Al ← ibox Al	iso 14 Si  [] IB-Si [] IBisos []	→ P ibox P
File:Symbol category class.svg cat:Si (0) File:Symbol category class.svg cat:Si-isotopes (0) File:Commons-logo.svg Commons File:Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata:Q670 File:Wiktionary-logo.svg Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page)

child table, as reused in {IB-Si}
Main isotopes of silicon
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 28Si 92.2% stable 29Si 4.7% stable 30Si 3.1% stable 31Si trace 2.62 h β− 31P 32Si trace 153 y β− 32P

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)	caption: alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table: )

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

Two of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

• <ref name="Eranna2014" /> for the source by Eranna
• <ref name="hopcroft" /> for the source by Hopcroft