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Tungsten, 74WFile:Wolfram evaporated crystals and 1cm3 cube.jpg |
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Pronunciation | (TUNG-stən) |
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Alternative name | Wolfram, pronounced: (WUUL-frəm) |
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Allotropes | α-tungsten (common), β-tungsten |
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Appearance | Grayish white, lustrous |
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Atomic number (Z) | 74 |
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Group | group 6 |
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Period | period 6 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2[3] |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 3695 K (3422 °C, 6192 °F) |
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Boiling point | 6203 K (5930 °C, 10706 °F) |
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Density (at 20° C) | 19.254 g/cm3 [4] |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 17.6 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 52.31 kJ/mol[5][6] |
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Heat of vaporization | 774 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.27 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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at T (K)
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3477
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3773
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4137
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4579
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5127
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5823
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Oxidation states | common: +4, +6
−4,[7] −2,[8] −1,[8] 0,[9] +1,[8] +2,[8] +3,[8] +5[8] |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.36 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 770 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1700 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 139 pm |
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Covalent radius | 162±7 pm |
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Color lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines of tungsten |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2) |
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Lattice constant | a = 316.52 pm (at 20 °C)[4] |
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Thermal expansion | 4.42×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4] |
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Thermal conductivity | 173 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 52.8 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic[10] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | +59.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[11] |
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Young's modulus | 411 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 161 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 310 GPa |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 4620 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed) |
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Poisson ratio | 0.28 |
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Mohs hardness | 7.5 |
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Vickers hardness | 3430–4600 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 2000–4000 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-33-7 |
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Discovery and first isolation | Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar[12] (1783) |
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Named by | Torbern Bergman (1781) |
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Symbol | "W": from Wolfram, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite[13] |
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File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Tungsten | references |
child table, as reused in {IB-W} |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ W(−4) is known in W(CO)4−4; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ W(0) is known in W(CO)6; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 230: too many expensive function calls.