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Vanadium, 23VFile:Vanadium crystal bar and 1cm3 cube.jpg |
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Pronunciation | (və-NAY-dee-əm) |
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Appearance | blue-silver-grey metal |
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Atomic number (Z) | 23 |
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Group | group 5 |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | d-block |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 11, 2 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 2183 K (1910 °C, 3470 °F) |
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Boiling point | 3680 K (3407 °C, 6165 °F) |
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Density (at 20° C) | 6.099 g/cm3 [3] |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.5 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 21.5 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 444 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 24.89 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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at T (K)
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2101
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2289
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2523
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2814
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3187
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3679
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Oxidation states | common: +5
−3,[4] −1,[5] 0,[6] +1,[5] +2,[5] +3,[5] +4[5] |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.63 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 650.9 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1414 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2830 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 134 pm |
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Covalent radius | 153±8 pm |
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Color lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines of vanadium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2) |
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Lattice constant | a = 302.72 pm (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Thermal expansion | 8.77×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Thermal conductivity | 30.7 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 197 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | +255.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[7] |
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Young's modulus | 128 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 47 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 160 GPa |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 4560 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Poisson ratio | 0.37 |
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Mohs hardness | 6.7 |
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Vickers hardness | 628–640 MPa |
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Brinell hardness | 600–742 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-62-2 |
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Discovery | Andrés Manuel del Río[8] (1801) |
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First isolation | Henry Enfield Roscoe (1867) |
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Named by | Nils Gabriel Sefström (1830) |
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File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Vanadium | references |
child table, as reused in {IB-V} |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ V(–3) is known in V(CO)3−5; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ V(0) is known in V(CO)6; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 230: too many expensive function calls.