Template:Infobox germanium

Germanium, ₃₂Ge

Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
Germanium
Pronunciation	/dʒɜːrˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearance	grayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
	72.630±0.008 72.630±0.008 (abridged)
Germanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Atomic number (Z)	32
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	5.327 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −4, +2, +4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +3
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium a = 565.774 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.79×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−76.84×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
History
Naming	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 68Ge synth 270.8 d ε 68Ga 70Ge 20.5% stable 71Ge synth 11.468 d ε 71Ga 72Ge 27.4% stable 73Ge 7.76% stable 74Ge 36.5% stable 76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se

Ge · Germanium
Ga ← ibox Ga	iso 32 Ge  [] IB-Ge [] IBisos []	→ As ibox As
File:Symbol category class.svg cat:Ge (0) File:Symbol category class.svg cat:Ge-isotopes (0) File:Commons-logo.svg Commons File:Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata:Q867 File:Wiktionary-logo.svg Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page)

child table, as reused in {IB-Ge}
Main isotopes of germanium
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 68Ge synth 270.8 d ε 68Ga 70Ge 20.5% stable 71Ge synth 11.468 d ε 71Ga 72Ge 27.4% stable 73Ge 7.76% stable 74Ge 36.5% stable 76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)	caption: alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table: )

References

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