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Template:Infobox gadolinium

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Gadolinium, 64Gd
File:Gadolinium-4.jpg
Gadolinium
Pronunciation/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/ ​(GAD-ə-LIN-ee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Gd)
Gadolinium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
–
↑
Gd
↓
Cm
europium ← gadolinium → terbium
Atomic number (Z)64
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1585 K ​(1312 °C, ​2394 °F)
Boiling point3546 K ​(3273 °C, ​5923 °F)
Density (at 20° C)7.899 g/cm3 [3]
when liquid (at m.p.)7.4 g/cm3
Heat of fusion10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization301.3 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity37.03 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure (calculated)
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1836 2028 2267 2573 2976 3535
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +3
0,[4] +1,[5] +2[5]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.20
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 593.4 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1170 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 1990 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius196±6 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of gadolinium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constantsa = 363.37 pm
c = 578.21 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion−21.4×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
11.1×10−6/K (at 100 °C)[3][lower-alpha 1]
Thermal conductivity10.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivityα, poly: 1.310 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic orderingferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility+755000.0×10−6 cm3/mol (300.6 K)[6]
Young's modulusα form: 54.8 GPa
Shear modulusα form: 21.8 GPa
Bulk modulusα form: 37.9 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2680 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratioα form: 0.259
Vickers hardness510–950 MPa
CAS Number7440-54-2
History
Namingafter the mineral gadolinite (itself named after Johan Gadolin)
DiscoveryJean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1880)
First isolationFélix Trombe (1935)
Isotopes of gadolinium
Main isotopes[7] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
148Gd synth 86.9 y[8] α 144Sm
150Gd synth 1.79×106 y α 146Sm
151Gd synth 123.9 d ε 151Eu
α 147Sm
152Gd 0.2% 1.08×1014 y α 148Sm
153Gd synth 240.6 d ε 153Eu
154Gd 2.18% stable
155Gd 14.8% stable
156Gd 20.5% stable
157Gd 15.7% stable
158Gd 24.8% stable
160Gd 21.9% stable
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Gadolinium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Gd}
Main isotopes of gadolinium
Main isotopes[7] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
148Gd synth 86.9 y[8] α 144Sm
150Gd synth 1.79×106 y α 146Sm
151Gd synth 123.9 d ε 151Eu
α 147Sm
152Gd 0.2% 1.08×1014 y α 148Sm
153Gd synth 240.6 d ε 153Eu
154Gd 2.18% stable
155Gd 14.8% stable
156Gd 20.5% stable
157Gd 15.7% stable
158Gd 24.8% stable
160Gd 21.9% stable
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

Notes

  1. ↑ The thermal expansion of a Gd crystal is highly anisotropic and temperature-dependent: the parameters for each crystal axis at 20 °C are: αa = 9.37×10−6/K, αc = −83.0×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = −21.4×10−6/K. At at 100 °C: αa = 6.6×10−6/K, αc = 20.1×10−6/K, and αaverage = 11.1×10−6/K.

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). and Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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