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Thallium, 81TlFile:Thallium pieces in ampoule.jpg |
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Pronunciation | (THAL-ee-əm) |
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Appearance | silvery white |
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Atomic number (Z) | 81 |
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Group | group 13 (boron group) |
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Period | period 6 |
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Block | p-block |
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Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |
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Phase at STP | solid |
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Melting point | 577 K (304 °C, 579 °F) |
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Boiling point | 1746 K (1473 °C, 2683 °F) |
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Density (at 20° C) | 11.873 g/cm3 [3] |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 11.22 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 4.14 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 165 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 26.32 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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at T (K)
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882
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977
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1097
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1252
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1461
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1758
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Oxidation states | common: +1, +3
−5,[4] −2,? −1,? +2? |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.62 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 589.4 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1971 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2878 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 170 pm |
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Covalent radius | 145±7 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 196 pm |
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Color lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines of thallium |
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Natural occurrence | primordial |
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Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2) |
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Lattice constants | a = 345.66 pm c = 552.52 pm (at 20 °C)[3] |
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Thermal expansion | 29.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 46.1 W/(m⋅K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 0.18 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[5] |
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Molar magnetic susceptibility | −50.9×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[6] |
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Young's modulus | 8 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 2.8 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 43 GPa |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 818 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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Poisson ratio | 0.45 |
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Mohs hardness | 1.2 |
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Brinell hardness | 26.5–44.7 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-28-0 |
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Naming | after Greek thallos, green shoot or twig |
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Discovery | William Crookes (1861) |
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First isolation | Claude-Auguste Lamy (1862) |
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File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Thallium | references |
child table, as reused in {IB-Tl} |
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References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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