Template:Infobox phosphorus

Phosphorus, ₁₅P

Forms of phosphorus File:Weißer Phosphor.JPG Waxy white File:Phosphor rot.jpg Light red File:Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg Dark red and violet File:Black Phosphorus Ampoule.jpg Black
Phosphorus
Pronunciation	/ˈfɒsfərəs/ ​(FOS-fər-əs)
Allotropes	white, red, violet, black and others (see Allotropes of phosphorus)
Appearance	white, red and violet are waxy, black is metallic-looking
Standard atomic weight Ar°(P)
	30.973761998±0.000000005 30.974±0.001 (abridged)
Abundance
in the Earth's crust	5.2 (silicon = 100)
Phosphorus in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson N ↑ P ↓ As silicon ← phosphorus → sulfur
Atomic number (Z)	15
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 5
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	white: 317.3 K ​(44.15 °C, ​111.5 °F) red: ∼860 K (∼590 °C, ∼1090 °F)
Boiling point	white: 553.7 K ​(280.5 °C, ​536.9 °F)
Sublimation point	red: ≈689.2–863 K ​(≈416–590 °C, ​≈780.8–1094 °F) violet: 893 K (620 °C, 1148 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	white: 1.823 g/cm3 red: ≈2.2–2.34 g/cm3 violet: 2.36 g/cm3 black: 2.69 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	white: 0.66 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	white: 51.9 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	white: 23.824 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure (white) P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 279 307 342 388 453 549
vapor pressure (red) P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 455 489 529 576 635 704
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −3, +3, +5 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.19
Ionization energies	1st: 1011.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1907 kJ/mol 3rd: 2914.1 kJ/mol (more)
Covalent radius	107±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of phosphorus
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	α-white: ​body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI232)
Lattice constant	Body-centred cubic crystal structure for α-white: phosphorus a = 1.869 nm (at 20 °C)
Crystal structure	black: ​orthorhombic (oS8)
Lattice constants	Orthorhombic crystal structure for black: phosphorus a = 0.33137 nm b = 1.0477 nm c = 0.43755 nm (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	white: 0.236 W/(m⋅K) black: 12.1 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	white, red, violet, black: diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−20.8×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Bulk modulus	white: 5 GPa red: 11 GPa
CAS Number	7723-14-0 (red) 12185-10-3 (white)
History
Discovery	Hennig Brand (1669)
Recognised as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of phosphorus
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 31P 100% stable 32P trace 14.269 d β− 32S 33P trace 25.35 d β− 33S

P · Phosphorus
Si ← ibox Si	iso 15 P  [] IB-P [] IBisos []	→ S ibox S
File:Symbol category class.svg cat:P (0) File:Symbol category class.svg cat:P-isotopes (0) File:Commons-logo.svg Commons File:Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata:Q674 File:Wiktionary-logo.svg Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page)

child table, as reused in {IB-P}
Main isotopes of phosphorus
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 31P 100% stable 32P trace 14.269 d β− 32S 33P trace 25.35 d β− 33S

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)	caption: alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01) See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table: )

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

Two of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

<ref name="CIAAW2013" />

Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (from subtemplates used by {{Infobox element}})

<ref name="LavMem1rySrc />

Lavoisier's "Memoir on Combustion in General".