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Gallium, 31Ga
File:Gallium crystals.jpg
Gallium
Pronunciation/ˈɡæliəm/ ​(GAL-ee-əm)
Appearancesilvery blue
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
Gallium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Al
↑
Ga
↓
In
zinc ← gallium → germanium
Atomic number (Z)31
Groupgroup 13 (boron group)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
Boiling point2676 K ​(2403 °C, ​4357 °F)[3][4]
Density (at 20° C)5.907 g/cm3[5]
when liquid (at m.p.)6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization256 kJ/mol[3]
Molar heat capacity25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +3
−5,[6] −4,[6] −3,[7] −2,[6] −1,[8] 0,[9] +1,[10] +2[10]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius187 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of gallium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​base-centered orthorhombic (oS8)
Lattice constantsa = 452.05 pm
b = 766.25 pm
c = 452.66 pm (at 20 °C)[5]
Thermal expansion20.5×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[5][lower-alpha 1]
Thermal conductivity40.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity270 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility−21.6×10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[11]
Young's modulus9.8 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.47
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number7440-55-3
History
Namingafter Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Isotopes of gallium
Main isotopes[12] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
66Ga synth 9.5 h β+ 66Zn
67Ga synth 3.3 d ε 67Zn
68Ga synth 1.2 h β+ 68Zn
69Ga 60.1% stable
70Ga synth 21 min β− 70Ge
ε 70Zn
71Ga 39.9% stable
72Ga synth 14.1 h β− 72Ge
73Ga synth 4.9 h β− 73Ge
File:Symbol category class.svg Category: Gallium
| references
child table, as reused in {IB-Ga}
Main isotopes of gallium
Main isotopes[12] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
66Ga synth 9.5 h β+ 66Zn
67Ga synth 3.3 d ε 67Zn
68Ga synth 1.2 h β+ 68Zn
69Ga 60.1% stable
70Ga synth 21 min β− 70Ge
ε 70Zn
71Ga 39.9% stable
72Ga synth 14.1 h β− 72Ge
73Ga synth 4.9 h β− 73Ge
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt) caption:

alt:
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
File:Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (0) · (this table:
)

Notes

  1. ↑ The thermal expansion is anisotropic: the parameters (in the range 280–302.9 K) are αa = 31.9×10−6/K, αb = 16.2×10−6/K, αc = 13.3×10−6/K, and αaverage = 20.5×10−6/K.[5]

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ↑ Ga(−1) has been observed in LiGa; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Ga(0) is known in gallium monoiodide; see Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2088: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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